As a mental health professional, part of your practice may be helping people who have serious mental illness.
Psychologists who have spiritual and religious competency understand that clients may have experiences that are consistent with their spirituality or religion, yet may be difficult to differentiate from psychopathological symptoms. At times, psychiatric symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations have strong religious or spiritual content. Conversely, sometimes religious or spiritual experiences can look like psychiatric problems but actually be common and well-documented aspects of a religious or spiritual path. Not all visions are hallucinations, not all ecstatic bliss is mania, and not all existential distress is depression. At the same time, not all experiences with religious or spiritual content are genuinely religious or spiritual; they may indeed be psychiatric problems that require immediate intervention. It can be tricky to differentiate what is a religious or spiritual experience in clients and what is not.
Cultural context is key to understanding the beliefs and practices of individual clients. For example, speaking in tongues, which is common in some Pentecostal churches, could look psychotic when viewed out of context. Routinely speaking with one’s ancestors, the deceased, or benevolent spirits is not normative for many people in Western culture, but it is a matter of course for many Native American and First Nations people.
As part of their spiritual and religious beliefs and practices, people can have experiences that cause cognitive or emotional agitation, unusual or bizarre ideation, or visual or auditory phenomena. When a client presents with unusual or extreme emotions or experiences associated with SRBPs, it can be difficult to ascertain whether the material the client is presenting is unfamiliar to you but completely consistent with his spiritual or religious tradition; consistent with his spiritual or religious tradition but also causing unnecessary cognitive and emotional distress; or contains religious or spiritual elements but is maladaptive or symptomatic of psychopathology.
Here, we need to reiterate that we are working toward competence, not proficiency. This is an important distinction. It may require a certain degree of proficiency to fully differentiate between spiritual or religious issues and psychiatric problems. For competence, you simply need to be aware of these phenomena and be able to assess when you can address them on your own. If not, you may need to make a referral, consult, or work with a clergy member or spiritual teacher. This chapter should help you make that call.
Historically, psychological theory and diagnostic classification systems have tended to either ignore or pathologize intense religious and spiritual experiences. There are numerous published accounts of individuals in the midst of intense religious and spiritual experiences that were misunderstood by mental health professionals, and some have been hospitalized and medicated when less restrictive and more therapeutic interventions could have been utilized (Lukoff, 2007).
So, what is a mystical experience, and how is it different from a breakdown? Maslow (1970) described the mystical experience as an aspect of everyday psychological functioning, saying, “It is very likely, indeed almost certain, that these older reports [of mystical experiences], phrased in terms of supernatural revelation, were, in fact, perfectly natural, human peak experiences of the kind that can easily be examined today”. Mystical experiences can be highly adaptive, spurring on psychological maturation. In fact, one study showed that those reporting mystical experiences scored lower on psychopathology scales and higher on measures of psychological well-being than control subjects (Wulff, 2000).
Sometimes mystical experiences can reach such a high level of intensity and duration that they become cause for concern. During or following prayer, meditation, or other spiritual practices, or at times spontaneously, people may have profound childhood memories, visions or hallucinations (depending on your perspective), or insights into the nature of reality or their own nature that cause psychological disruption for a time. “Spiritual emergency,” a term coined by Christina and Stanislav Grof (1986), refers to “a crisis involving religious, transpersonal, and/or spiritual issues that provides opportunities for growth” (Viggiano & Krippner, 2010).
As a therapist with religious and spiritual competency, you should know that these kinds of experiences do occur, and while they can significantly disrupt people’s psychological and emotional functioning temporarily, they may not always be maladaptive. Some experiences related to spiritual- and religious-based practices may seem to fit diagnostic criteria for psychopathology while actually being consistent with a client’s spiritual or religious tradition.
For more on spiritual emergency and spiritual and religious competencies, check out Spiritual and Religious Competencies in Clinical Practice: Guidelines for Psychotherapists and Mental Health Professionals by Cassandra Vieten, PhD, and Shelley Scammell, PsyD.
This article was originally published at newharbinger.com/blog.
References
Grof, C., & Grof, S. (1986). Spiritual emergency: The understanding and treatment of transpersonal crises. ReVision 8(2): 7–20.
Lukoff, D. (2007). Spirituality in the recovery from persistent mental disorders. Southern Medical Journal 100(6): 642–646.
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Religions, values, and peak-experiences. New York: Viking Press.
Viggiano, D. B., & Krippner, S. (2010). The Grofs’ model of spiritual emergency in retrospect: Has it stood the test of time? International Journal of Transpersonal Studies 29(1): 118–127.
Wulff, D. M. (2000). Mystical experience. In E. Cardeña, S. J. Lynn, & S. Krippner (Eds.), Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence (pp. 397–440). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
